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Table 4 Performance comparison for various beamforming architectures

From: Comparison of synthetic aperture architectures for miniaturised ultrasound imaging front-ends

Paper

Technology

Channels

Beamformer architecture

Center freq (MHz)

Delay resolution (ns)

Frame rate

Power/channel (mW)

This work

Spartan-6â„¢ FPGA

64 (1 Rx channel)

Quadrature, single channel, digital SAB

\(2.5\)

\(100\) 

\(7\)  Hz

\(4.1\) 

 [20]

\(0.18\) μm CMOS

\(32\times 32\)

Analogue, sample-and-hold sub-array beamformer

\(5\)

\(30\)

\(44.4\) vol/s

\(0.27\)

 [9]

\(0.13\) μm NAND

32

Parallel digital delay-and-sum

\(3.5\)

\(17.8\)

\(30\) Hz

\(9.5\)

 [6]

\(0.13\) μm CMOS

32

Analogue, sample-and-hold sub-array beamformer

\(1.25\)

1.75–\(2.5\)

–

\(8.9\)

 [5, 21]

\(0.35\) μm CMOS

8

Parallel delay-and-sum using analogue delay cells

30–50

1.75–\(2.5\)

–

\(8.4\)

 [22]

Spartan-3 FPGA

32 (16 Rx channels)

Pseudo-dynamic, extended aperture, digital beamformer

\(3.5\)

–

\(30\) Hz

–