Peripheral vascular disease assessment in the lower limb: a review of current and emerging non-invasive diagnostic methods

Table 3 Selection of studies using plethysmography methods in the diagnosis of PVDs

Study	Diagnosis target	Reference method	Number of subjects (control/patient)	Plethysmography method	Sensitivity	Specificity
Harada et al. [74]	CVI	Venography	31^a (0/31)	APG	73%	100%
Criado et al. [35]	CVI	Duplex scanning and venography	186^a (61/125)	APG	80%	94%
Bays et al. [50]	CVI	Duplex ultrasound	20^a (10/10)	APG	70%–100%	90%–100%
Rosfors et al. [42]	Venous disorder (CVI, DVT)	Duplex ultrasound	119 (63/56)	SGP	96%–98%	Not given
Allen et al. [48]	PAD	ABI	107 (63/44)	PPG	90.6%,	88.9%
Ro et al. [49]	PAD	Angiography	194^a (31/163)	PPG	81.6%	77.4%
Bays et al. [50]	CVI	Duplex ultrasound	20^a (10/10)	PPG	100%	60%
Sarin et al. [51]	CVI	Duplex scanning	304^a (80/224)	PPG	74–79%	61%
Mitrani et al. [52]	DVT	Venography	69 (45/24)	PPG	83%–96%	71%–89%
Arora et al. [53]	DVT	Venography	69^a (41/28)	PPG	96.4%	82.9%
Thomas et al. [54]	DVT	Venography	131^a (61/70)	PPG	92%	84%
Tan et al. [55]	DVT	Venography or duplex	103^a (66/37)	PPG	100%	35%–56%
Anderson [36]	PAD	Angiography	61^a (28/33)	IPG	> 90%	>90%
Mašanauskienė et al. [61]	PAD	ABI	62 (21/41)	IPG	73.2%	96%
Hull et al. [64]	DVT	Venography	200 (114/86)	IPG	94%	91%
Toy et al. [65]	DVT	Venography	25^a (9/16)	IPG	94%	100%
Flanigan et al. [66]	DVT	Venography	207^a (136/71)	IPG	90.4%	75.7%
Cooperman et al. [67]	DVT	Venography	98^a (75/23)	IPG	87%	96%
Liapis et al. [68]	DVT	Venography	308^a (169/139)	IPG	91%	89%
Peters et al. [69]	DVT	Venography	185 (124/61)	IPG	84%	93%
Cruickshank et al. [70]	DVT	Venography	1010^a (812/198)	IPG	12.9%	98.1%
Paiement et al. [72]	DVT	Venography	937^a (864/73)	IPG	12.3%	99.1%
Agnelli et al. [73]	DVT	Venography	440^a (295/145)	IPG	19%	91%

“Control” refers to the number of the subjects diagnosed without PVD by the reference method
“Patient” refers to the number of the subjects diagnosed with PVD by the reference method
^aDenotes the number of the limbs used in the study and not the number of subjects