Table 3 Mean (standard deviation) values of the percentage change in balance parameters in three balance groups
Eyes-open | Healthy young | Healthy older adults | High fall risk | p valuea | Effect size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ankle sway | |||||
Medial–lateral 30 Hz, % | 143 (100) | 29 (48) | 23 (49) | F(2,51) = 0.14; p = 0.87 | 0.56 |
Medial–lateral 40 Hz, % | 96 (86) | 75 (80) | 32 (57) | ||
Anterior–posterior 30 Hz, % | 73 (96) | 50 (73) | 22 (49) | F(2,51) = 0.48; p = 0.62 | 0.47 |
Anterior–posterior 40 Hz, % | 110 (84) | 44 (39) | 14 (45) | ||
Overall 30 Hz, % | 95 (526) | 85 (121) | 23 (59) | F(2,51) = 0.20; p = 0.82 | 0.68 |
Overall 40 Hz, % | 305 (263) | 94 (126) | 50 (113) | ||
Hip sway | |||||
Medial–lateral 30 Hz, % | 5 (35) | 15 (38) | 46 (79) | F(2,51) = 3.49; p = 0.03* | 0.18 |
Medial–lateral 40 Hz, % | 12 (24) | 21 (42) | 9 (40) | ||
Anterior–posterior 30 Hz, % | 32 (53) | 32 (38) | 37 (77) | F(2,51) = 1.04; p = 0.36 | 0.31 |
Anterior–posterior 40 Hz, % | 76 (78) | 46 (115) | 3 (51) | ||
Overall 30 Hz, % | 38 (71) | 73 (111) | 110 (157) | F(2,51) = 1.25; p = 0.30 | 0.08 |
Overall 40 Hz, % | 120 (117) | 44 (80) | 15 (86) | ||
COG sway | |||||
Medial–lateral 30 Hz, % | 109 (68) | 23 (37) | 24 (38) | F(2,51) = 0.14; p = 0.87 | 0.57 |
Medial–lateral 40 Hz, % | 118 (132) | 54 (74) | 29 (51) | ||
Anterior–posterior 30 Hz, % | 72 (102) | 36 (45) | 28 (55) | F(2,51) = 0.25; p = 0.78 | 0.36 |
Anterior–posterior 40 Hz, % | 76 (74) | 46 (62) | 11 (42) | ||
Overall 30 Hz, % | 391 (653) | 61 (53) | 59 (120) | F(2,51) = 0.53; p = 0.59 | 0.56 |
Overall 40 Hz, % | 194 (181) | 67 (92) | 40 (103) | ||
Sway velocity 30 Hz, % | 158 (74) | 188 (154) | 123 (93) | F(2,51) = 4.12; p = 0.02* | 0.38 |
Sway velocity 40 Hz, % | 193 (163) | 225 (89) | 100 (69) | ||
Eyes-closed | Healthy young | Healthy older adults | High fall risk | p valuea | Effect size |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ankle sway | |||||
Medial–lateral 30 Hz, % | 47 (42) | 63 (89) | 4 (25) | F(2,51) = 7.80; p < 0.01* | 0.50 |
Medial–lateral 40 Hz, % | 42 (51) | 75 (57) | 14 (33) | ||
Anterior–posterior 30 Hz, % | 71 (78) | 20 (47) | − 9 (12) | F(2,51) = 1.39; p = 0.26 | 0.66 |
Anterior–posterior 40 Hz, % | 98 (73) | 52 (90) | 1 (28) | ||
Overall 30 Hz, % | 165 (213) | 82 (176) | − 4 (34) | F(2,51) = 1.93; p = 0.16 | 0.54 |
Overall 40 Hz, % | 180 (145) | 113 (132) | 17 (59) | ||
Hip sway | |||||
Medial–lateral 30 Hz, % | − 16 (16) | − 13 (30) | − 6 (31) | F(2,51) = 21.43; p < 0.0001* | 0.28 |
Medial–lateral 40 Hz, % | − 12 (21) | 4 (49) | 25 (58) | ||
Anterior–posterior 30 Hz, % | 22 (38) | 11 (66) | 6 (43) | F(2,51) = 0.54; p = 0.59 | 0.10 |
Anterior–posterior 40 Hz, % | − 12 (21) | 4 (49) | 25 (58) | ||
Overall 30 Hz, % | − 08 (44) | 9 (40) | 13 (81) | F(2,51) = 9.50; p < 0.001* | 0.17 |
Overall 40 Hz, % | 14 (47) | 21 (75) | 48 (110) | ||
COG sway | |||||
Medial–lateral 30 Hz, % | 22 (30) | 46 (72) | − 2 (18) | F(2,51) = 9.20; p < 0.001* | 0.45 |
Medial–lateral 40 Hz, % | 18 (34) | 47 (45) | 13 (30) | ||
Anterior–posterior 30 Hz, % | 57 (84) | 20 (53) | − 3 (30) | F(2,51) = 0.78; p = 0.46 | 0.41 |
Anterior–posterior 40 Hz, % | 61 (65) | 40 (66) | 9 (38) | ||
Overall 30 Hz, % | 93 (133) | 67 (168) | − 5 (30) | F(2,51) = 2.12; p = 0.13 | 0.34 |
Overall 40 Hz, % | 86 (100) | 59 (100) | 24 (60) | ||
Sway velocity 30 Hz, % | 108 (53) | 162 (92) | 60 (39) | F(2,51) = 8.89; p < 0.001* | 0.64 |
Sway velocity 40 Hz, % | 139 (82) | 173 (109) | 61 (43) | ||