Marine-derived protein kinase inhibitors for neuroinflammatory diseases

Table 1 Clinical and preclinical studies on marine-derived protein kinase inhibitors for neuroinflammatory diseases

Status for the original application	Compound	Source	Target	Models of neuroinflammatory diseases
Phase III for AML	Lestaurtinib (CEP-701)	Derived from K-252a from marine actinomycete	FLT-3, JAK-2, Trk-A, Trk-B, Trk-C	MS: in vivo [29, 30] Epilepsy: in vivo [31]
Phase III for glioblastoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma	Enzastaurin (LY317615)	Derived from staurosporine	PKCβ, GSK-3β	MS: in vivo [32] Pain: in vivo [33]
Phase II for PD	CEP-1347 (KT7515)	Derived from K-252a	JNKs	PD: patients [34]; in vivo [35] AD: in vitro [36, 37] HANDs: in vivo [10] HD: in vivo [38, 39] Ischemia: in vivo [40]
Preclinical for cancer	Staurosporine (AM-2282)	From marine organisms such as prosobranch mollusk, flatworm, and ascidians	PKC, JAK-2, CaMKIII	PD: in vitro [41] AD: in vitro [42] Pain: in vivo [43] Epilepsy: in vivo [44] Ischemia: in vivo [45, 46]
Preclinical for cancer	Fascaplysin	From marine sponge	CDK-4	AD: in vitro [47]

AD Alzheimer disease, AML acute myelogenous leukemia, CaMK Ca²⁺/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase, CDK cyclin dependent kinase, FLT-3 FMS-like tyrosine-3, HANDs HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders, HD Huntington disease, GSK glycogen synthase kinase, JAK Janus kinase, JNK c-Jun N-terminal kinase, MS multiple sclerosis, PD Parkinson disease, PKC protein kinase C, Trk tropomyosin-related kinase

ISSN: 1475-925X