No. | Sr. investigator | Design technique | Edge shape | Level | Location of the supporting points | Invasiveness | Stability | Verification |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Tominc et al. [33] | Low contact | Fit and lock on the lamina | 1st to 7th thoracic vertebrae | On the lamina at the base of the superior articular process on both sides and at the tip of the spinous process | Medium | Good | Moderate |
2 | Ferrari et al. [34] | Low contact | Complementary likeness of the bone surface | Thoracic and lumbar vertebrae | On the lamina, articular and spinous processes | Medium | Good | Moderate |
3 | Ma et al. [35] | Full contact | Inverse of the vertebral posterior surface | 1st to 12th thoracic vertebrae | On the lamina, superior articular, spinous and transverse processes | High | Perfect | Easy |
4 | Lu et al. [36] | Full contact | Inverse of the spinous, lamina, and transverse processes | 2nd to 12th thoracic vertebrae | On the spinous process, lamina, and transverse processes | High | Perfect | Easy |
5 | Lu et al. [37] | Full contact | Inverse of C2 spinous process and lamina | 2nd cervical vertebrae | On the spinous process, lamina, and lateral masses of C2 | High | Perfect | Easy |
6 | Lu et al. [38] | Full contact | Inverse of the vertebral posterior surface | 2nd to 7th cervical vertebrae | On the spinous process and lamina | High | Perfect | Easy |
7 | Lu et al. [39] | Full contact | Inverse of the vertebral posterior surface | 12th thoracic to 5th lumbar vertebrae | On the posterior surface of the lumbar vertebra | High | Perfect | Easy |
8 | Ryken et al. [40] | Full contact | Inverse of the vertebral surface | 5th to 6th cervical vertebrae | On the lamina, spinous and transverse processes | High | Perfect | Easy |
9 | Ryken et al. [41] | Full contact | Inverse of the vertebral surface | 2nd cervical to 1st thoracic vertebrae | On the spinous process and lamina | High | Perfect | Easy |
10 | Berry et al. [42] | Low contact | V-shape | Cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae | On the posterior surface of the lamina plus a posterior support to fit the spinous process | Medium | Good | Difficult |
11 | Goffin et al. [43] | Full contact | Inverse of the spinous process and lamina | 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae | On the spinous process and the left and right side of the lamina | High | Perfect | Easy |
12 | Porada et al. [44] | Low contact | V-shape | 1st to 4th lumbar vertebrae | On the surfaces of a vertebra’s transverse and spinous processes | Medium | Good | Difficult |
13 | Van Brussel et al. [45] | Low contact | knife-edge | 2nd to 4th lumbar vertebrae | A large contact area on the top of the spinous process and a small knife-edge area on the two transverse processes | Medium | Good | Difficult |