Table 3 Muscle parameters for the rat simulations

Activation dynamics

(Hatze [29])

\(q_0 [~]\)

6.0e−3

c[ ]

1.373e−4

\(\eta [~]\)

5.27e4

k[ ]

2.9

m[ ]

22.54

Isometric force

\(F_\text {max} [N]\)

11.2

\(l_\text {CE,opt} [m]\)

0.0148

\(\Delta W_\text {des} [~]\)

0.35

\(\nu _\text {CE,des} [~]\)

1.5

\(\Delta W_\text {asc} [~]\)

0.35

\(\nu _\text {CE,asc} [~]\)

3.0

Force-velocity hyperbola

\(A_\text {rel,0} [~]\)

0.06

\(B_\text {rel,0} [1/s]\)

1.42

\(S_\text {e} [~]\)

0.99

\(F_\text {e} [~]\)

1.35

PEE

\(\mathcal {L}_\text {PEE,0} [~]\)

3.12

\(\nu _\text {PEE} [~]\)

2.5

\(\mathcal {F}_\text {PEE} [~]\)

2.0

SEE

\(l_\text {SEE,0} [m]\)

0.0123

\(\Delta U_\text {SEE,nll} [~]\)

0.0425

\(\Delta U_\text {SEE,l} [~]\)

0.017

\(\Delta F_\text {SEE,0} [N]\)

4.48

SDE

\(D_\text {SDE} [~]\)

0.3

\(R_\text {SDE} [~]\)

0.01