Table 2 Muscle parameters for the piglet simulations. See [16, Table 2, p. 68]

Activation dynamics

(Zajac [11])

\(q_0 [~]\)

1.0e−4

\(\tau _\text {q} [s]\)

0.025

\(\beta _\text {q} [~]\)

0.5

Activation dynamics

(Hatze [29])

\(q_0 [~]\)

5.0e−3

c[ ]

1.373e−4

\(\eta [~]\)

5.27e−4

k[ ]

2.9

m[ ]

11.3

Isometric force

\(F_\text {max} [N]\)

30.0

\(l_\text {CE,opt} [m]\)

0.015

\(\Delta W_\text {des} [~]\)

0.14

\(\nu _\text {CE,des} [~]\)

3.0

\(\Delta W_\text {asc} [~]\)

0.57

\(\nu _\text {CE,asc} [~]\)

4.0

Force-velocity hyperbola

\(A_\text {rel,0} [~]\)

0.1

\(B_\text {rel,0} [1/s]\)

1.0

\(S_\text {e} [~]\)

2.0

\(F_\text {e} [~]\)

1.8

PEE

\(\mathcal {L}_\text {PEE,0} [~]\)

0.9

\(\nu _\text {PEE} [~]\)

2.5

\(\mathcal {F}_\text {PEE} [~]\)

1.0

SEE

\(l_\text {SEE,0} [m]\)

0.045

\(\Delta U_\text {SEE,nll} [~]\)

0.1825

\(\Delta U_\text {SEE,l} [~]\)

0.073

\(\Delta F_\text {SEE,0} [N]\)

60.0

SDE

\(D_\text {SDE} [~]\)

0.3

\(R_\text {SDE} [~]\)

0.01