Fig. 2

Simple three-dimensional (3D) endoscope manufactured using 3D printing technique. Two complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) camera modules are used for reconstructing stereo view. 6 Built-in light-emitting diodes (LEDs) of each module is used as light source. The tip of the endoscope is developed to have 30° to procure a wide range of view. The length and the diameter of the surgical instrument is designed as 300 and 10 mm, respectively