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Table 2 Execution times

From: Real-time inverse kinematics for the upper limb: a model-based algorithm using segment orientations

Test environment

Execution time per iteration (ms)

Speedup wrt. OpenSim

OpenSim

145.0532 ± 10.0669

1x

MATLAB

2.3656 ± 0.6689

61x

PC double

0.0111 ± 0.0013

13011x

PC float

0.0088 ± 0.0008

16416x

PC float mod.

0.0097 ± 0.0013

14982x

ARM M4 double

4.8777 ± 0.3554

30x

ARM M4 soft float

2.7327 ± 0.0928

53x

ARM M4 hard float

0.9713 ± 0.0214

149x

ARM M4 soft float mod.

2.7394 ± 0.0930

53x

ARM M4 hard float mod.

0.9740 ± 0.0216

149x

ARM M7 double

2.3124 ± 0.1704

63x

ARM M7 soft float

1.4293 ± 0.0504

101x

ARM M7 hard float

0.4462 ± 0.0117

325x

ARM M7 soft float mod.

1.4296 ± 0.0505

101x

ARM M7 hard float mod.

0.4478 ± 0.0115

324x

  1. Each row represents a separate test environment for the reference (OpenSim) and proposed inverse kinematics algorithm. Table values show mean ± standard deviation for a single iteration across all valid trials (59 for OpenSim, 100 otherwise) and the speed increase of each tested setup with respect to OpenSim