Fig. 5

Bioinspired design of an osteochondral scaffold. A Engineered three-dimensional mold of the transitional phase with a biomimetic bonding structure and a potentially limited entrance for vascularization: a cartilage side, b bone side, and c the cross-section showing gomphosis, interlocking, and limited defects. B Engineered three-dimensional mold of the ceramic scaffold with an interconnected porous bone phase and biomimetic transitional phase. C Schematic bonding of the chondral phase and the ceramic phase by the biomimetic transitional structures: a cross section of the entire bioinspired osteochondral scaffold, b type-I collagen solution that is drawn into the bonding structures on the upper side of the ceramic phase. A sealing agent (arrow) was applied between the subchondral bone plate and cancellous bone to block some pores that were communicating with cancellous bone layer