Table 2 Adipose-derived stem cells studies conducted under various mechanical loading
From: Mechanoresponsive musculoskeletal tissue differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells
Mechanical loading modality | Targeted tissue | Mechanical loading parameters (modality, strain and frequency, and duration) | Cell origin | Effect | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Uniaxial stretch | Osteoblasts | Uniaxial 2D four-point stretch 0.24 % strain applied for 2 h for 5–10 days | Human | Osteogenic gene profile ↑ Mineral deposition ↑ | [145] |
Uniaxial 2D four-point stretch 0.2 % strain with 1 Hz frequency for either 17 min/day for 10 days or 6 h for 1 day | Rat | BMP-2 and RUNX2 (after 6 h loading) ↑ | [146] | ||
Uniaxial 3D stretch 10 % strain with 1 Hz frequency 4 h/day for 14 days | Human | Paladin gene expression ↑ | [147] | ||
Uniaxial 2D four-point stretch 0.2Â % strain with 0.5Â Hz frequency 2Â h/day for 7Â days | Human | Osteogenic gene expression and ALP activity were increased up to day 5 but were decreased at day 7 | [144] | ||
Uniaxial 2D flexcell tension system 10 % strain with continuous 1 Hz or rest-inserted (1 Hz with 10 s between cycles) frequency 4 h/day for 14 days. | Human | Calcium deposition ↑ both loading groups | [148] | ||
Uniaxial 2D clamp stretch 5 % strain with 1 Hz frequency 15, 60, and 120 min single and triplicate applications | Human | Osteogenic gene expression ↑ all strain regimes except single 15 min | [149] | ||
Uniaxial 3D clamp stretch 10 % strain with 1 Hz frequency 4 h | Human | Calcium deposition ↑ Osteogenic gene profile ↑ | [150] | ||
Fluid flow | Pulsatile 2D fluid shear 0.6 Pa mean shear 0.3 Pa pulse amplitude 8.4 Pa/s peak shear applied at 5 Hz frequency for 1 h | Human | NO production ↑ Osteogenic gene expression ↑ | [143] | |
Uniaxial stretch | Tenocytes | Uniaxial 3D stretch 4 % strain with 2 h stretch followed by 6 h rest cyclically applied for 21 days | Equine | Tenogenic morphology ↑ Tenogenic gene expression ↑ | [160] |
Uniaxial stretch | Myocytes | Uniaxial 2D flexcell system 11 % strain with 0.5 Hz 1 h/day for 19 days | Human | Myogenic gene expression ↑, multinucleation ↑, myotubes ↑ | [153] |
Uniaxial 2D stretch across post 10 % strain with 1 Hz frequency for 7 days (continuous) | Human | Cell alignment ↑ | [113] | ||
Uniaxial 2D stretch across pistons 15 % strain with 0.5 Hz frequency for 48 h | Human | Fusion with myoblasts ↑ Cell alignment ↑ | [154] | ||
Uniaxial 2D stretch 10 % strain with 1 Hz frequency for 24 h | Rat | Myogenic gene profile ↑ | [155] | ||
Uniaxial 2D flexcell stretch 12Â % strain with 1Â Hz frequency for 48Â h | Human | No significant positive effects | [152] | ||
Uniaxial 2D stretch 5 % strain with 1 Hz frequency for 14 days | Human | Smooth muscle differentiation markers ↑ | [156] | ||
Biaxial and uniaxial stretch | Equiaxial 2D stretch over post 10 % strain with 1 Hz frequency for 24 h | Rabbit | Myogenic gene GATA4 expression ↑ | [151] | |
Compression | Chondrocytes | Cyclic 3D platen compression 5 % strain with 1 Hz frequency 4 h/day for 7 days | Rabbit | Calcium signaling pathways ↑ proliferation ↑ Aggrecan production ↑, collagen production ↑ | [98] |
Cyclic 3D hydrostatic compression 10 MPa pressure applied with 1 Hz frequency 4 h/day 5 days/ week, 5 weeks | Porcine | Glycosaminoglycan content ↑ | [158] | ||
Cyclic 3D hydrostatic compression 0.4 or 5 MPa pressure applied with 0.5 Hz frequency for 4 h/day, 5 day/week for 4 weeks | Human | Glycosaminoglycan content (both groups) ↑ Collagen II, aggrecan, and sox-9 gene expression (both groups) ↑ | [90] | ||
Cyclic 3D hydrostatic compression 7.5 MPa applied with 1 Hz frequency 4 h/day for 7–21 days | Human | Chondrogenic gene profile day 7 ↑ Gene expression and viability at days 14 and 21 ↓ | [159] |