Table 1 In vivo mechanical strain and stress in major musculoskeletal tissues

Bone

Fluid shear stress

0.8–3.0 N/m²

[165, 166]

Tensile strain

0.03–0.1 % (though close to10 % is widely accepted to account for in vivo amplification)

[165]

Tendon

Tensile strain

2–4 % (physiological range)

[57]

Tensile strain

5–16 % (complete rupture for mid-tendon)

[66]

Skeletal muscle

Tensile stress

9 kN (vigorous exercise)

[75]

Tensile strain

5-12 % (moderate activity)

Cartilage

Compressive stress

1–6 MPa (vigorous activity)

[81]

Compressive strain

50 % (at superficial zone)

[62]

Compressive Strain

0–5 % (at deep and middle zone)

[63]