Table 1 Average localization error (in mm) from reference annotation to the localized positions

L5-S1

3.2258 ± 2.0326

3.0415

8.5399

0.7835

L4-L5

2.3505 ± 1.0514

2.0809

6.0460

0.6439

L3-L4

2.0117 ± 1.6307

1.6358

8.3857

0.2093

L2-L3

1.6300 ± 0.9993

1.4974

4.3328

0.2453

L1-L2

1.7608 ± 1.0563

1.5384

5.0205

0.0899

T12-L1

1.5694 ± 0.9160

1.5824

3.7216

0.1191

T11-T12

1.8817 ± 1.0163

1.7635

4.1179

0.3896

T10-T11

2.4007 ± 2.6023

1.5336

10.2740

0.3162

T9-T10

2.5622 ± 2.2372

1.3515

6.0186

0.5505

T8-T9

12.3583

–

–

–

All

2.1327 ± 1.6337

2.0786

12.3583

0.0899