Fig. 4

Histopathological features of the transected surface. Haematoxylin-Eosin staining. All scale bars represent 100 µm. a The liver parenchyma was sharply dissected (arrows) without damage by the piezo actuator-driven pulsed water jet (ADPJ). b The cut surface of the liver dissected with the ADPJ. Glisson’s sheaths, including those covering the portal vein, artery, and bile duct, were preserved. PV portal vein, A artery, BD bile duct. c The cut surface of the liver dissected with the ultrasonic aspirator (arrows) was blunter than that dissected with the ADPJ. d The surface cut with the ultrasonic aspirator shows parenchymal damage, including the loss of hepatocytes (arrows)