Fig. 8

Foot trajectories. This graph shows the sagittal trajectory of the leg markers. In the normal group, the leg moves linearly vertically during the stance phase (filled right arrow); then, during the swing phase (right double arrow), swings up vertically in an arc and swings forward (a). In the spinal injury control group, the vertical movement during the stance phase is not linear (b); however, in the NMES treatment group, all movements are linear and an improvement is observed (c 75 Hz, d 8 kHz). On the other hand, during the swing phase, compared with the normal group, no groups exhibited vertical arc-like movements and there was no improvement in horizontal leg movement during the swing phase