Table 1 Definition of the calculated parameters of the GVAP

Avg. AUC-H

\( \frac{1}{T}{\displaystyle {\int}_0^T\left(G(t)-T{R}_H\right)dt,\mathrm{IF}\kern0.5em \mathrm{G}\left(\mathrm{t}\right)>\mathrm{T}{\mathrm{R}}_{\mathrm{H}}} \)

G (t) - Glucose–time function

Target Range-High - TR_H

Avg. AUC-H - Average exposure to hyperglycemia.

Avg. AUC-H = 10 mg/dL means that during the observation, on average the CGM glucose exceeded TR_H limit by 10 mg/dL [23].

Avg. AUC-L

\( \frac{1}{T}{\displaystyle {\int}_0^T\left(T{R}_L-G(t)\right)dt,\mathrm{IF}\kern0.5em \mathrm{G}\left(\mathrm{t}\right)<\mathrm{T}{\mathrm{R}}_{\mathrm{L}}} \)

G (t) Glucose - time function

Target Range-Low - TR_L

MAGE +/−

\( \sum \frac{\lambda }{n}\mathrm{IF}\kern0.5em \lambda >\mathrm{v} \)

λ = amplitude of each glucose increase or decrease (nadir to peak / peak to nadir)

n = number of observations

ν = meaningful excursion (ME)

MAGE avg.

EF

MAGE+/−: mean of the upward/downward excursions

MAGE avg.: average of MAGEs

EF sum of all excursions [15,24,16]

MODD

\( \frac{{\displaystyle {\sum}_{t={t}_1}^{t_k}\left|B{G}_t-B{G}_{t-1440}\right|}}{k} \)

BG: Blood Glucose

k = number of observations where there is an observation at the same time 24 h (1,440 min) ago [25,26]

CONGA _(n)

\( \sqrt{\frac{{\sum^{t_k}}_{t=t1}{\left({D}_t-\overline{D}\right)}^2}{k-1}} \)

k = number of observations where there is an observation n × 60 min ago

where D_t = BG_t-BG_t-m and

m = n × 60, in our program n = 1 [27,26]

\( \overline{D}=\frac{{\sum^{t_k}}_{t=t1}{D}_t}{k} \)