Using dynamic pupillometry as a simple screening tool to detect autonomic neuropathy in patients with diabetes: a pilot study

Table 1 Subjects' baseline characteristics and pupillometry parameters

Parameters	Healthy Volunteers	Diabetes		p values
		Without CAN	With CAN	p ₁	p ₂	p ₃
Number of subjects	16	16 (9 Type 1, 7 Type 2)	8 (3 Type 1, 5 Type 2)	-	-	-
Gender (M/F)	9/7	15/1	7/1	-	-	-
Age (years)	44 ± 13	50 ± 11	51 ± 5	ns	ns	ns
Duration of diabetes (years)	-	20 ± 10	22 ± 10	-	-	ns
HbA1c (%)	-	8.3 ± 1.1	9.4 ± 2.2	-	-	ns
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)	120 ± 13	141 ± 20	147 ± 16	*	*	ns
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)	74 ± 6	77 ± 9	87 ± 10	ns	*	ns
Ratio P/I in darkness	0.55 ± 0.056	0.42 ± 0.045	0.35 ± 0.077	$	$	*
Latency to constriction (s)	0.20 ± 0.078	0.26 ± 0.070	0.29 ± 0.100	ns	*	ns
Ratio P/I at largest constriction	0.40 ± 0.050	0.30 ± 0.031	0.26 ± 0.065	$	$	ns
Latency to largest constriction (s)	0.90 ± 0.147	1.01 ± 0.192	0.91 ± 0.089	ns	ns	ns
Reflex amplitude (pixels)	9.62 ± 1.99	7.40 ± 1.90	5.35 ± 2.14	#	#	ns
Ratio P/I of plateau	0.50 ± 0.055	0.37 ± 0.046	0.32 ± 0.068	$	$	ns
Latency to plateau (s)	1.88 ± 0.539	1.95 ± 0.744	1.49 ± 0.331	ns	ns	ns
Duration of constriction (s)	1.63 ± 0.559	1.69 ± 0.75	1.19 ± 0.318	ns	ns	ns
Velocity of constriction (pixels/s)	14.57 ± 5.32	10.28 ± 3.49	7.87 ± 3.48	*	#	ns

[mean ± standard deviation] for the single flash experiment. p ₁ - Comparison between healthy volunteers and diabetic subjects without CAN. p ₂ - Comparison between healthy volunteers and diabetic subjects with CAN. p ₃ - Comparison between diabetic subjects without and with CAN. ns - not significant, * - p < 0.05, # - p < 0.01, and $ - p < 0.001.

ISSN: 1475-925X