Figure 4From: A simulating analysis of the effects of increased joint stiffness on muscle loading in a thumbThe predicted forces in the FPL, APL, EPB, EPL, FPB, OPP, ADPt, ADPo, and APB muscles as a function of the CMC extension(-)/flexion(+) motion. The joint stiffness of the thumb was considered to increase by 50% (k 1) and 100% (k 2) from the normal thumb (k 0).Back to article page