From: Influence of spacer length on heparin coupling efficiency and fibrinogen adsorption of modified titanium surfaces
Substrate
Number of primary NH2-groups per nm2
APMS
Diamino-APMS
Triamino-APMS
cp-Ti disc
156 ± 16
162 ± 12
134 ± 22
TiO2 powder
20.0 ± 0.5 (84.9 ± 2.1)
18.7 ± 0.5 (78.7 ± 2.0)
17.0 ± 0.3 (71.3 ± 1.3)