Figure 1

Functional circuit models representing a single cell exposed to different pulsing waveforms at various stages of electroporation. A common electrical model was used to represent an intact cell (A). Prior to the onset of electroporation, the membrane capacitance can be considered as an open circuit during conventional unipolar pulse treatment (B), while the contribution of the reactive component to the effective membrane impedance persists for high-frequency bipolar bursts (C). Once membrane permeabilization begins, the equivalent membrane impedance reduces due to electroporation for both the conventional unipolar pulses (D) and high-frequency bipolar bursts (D).